У нас уже 21989 рефератов, курсовых и дипломных работ
Заказать диплом, курсовую, диссертацию


Быстрый переход к готовым работам

Мнение посетителей:

Понравилось
Не понравилось





Книга жалоб
и предложений

 





Название Evaluation of Dermal Toxicity and Volatile Oil Composition of Jordanian Chamomile (Matricaria aurea)
Количество страниц 122
ВУЗ -
Год сдачи 2014
Содержание Table of Contens
Introduction…………………………..…………………………..…………………… 3
Chapter 1. General characteristics of the Jordanian chamomile

1.1. Biological characteristics of the plant …………………………..………..…… 7
1.2. Main active constituents ………………...……...……...……...……...……...… 11
1.3. The composition, properties and applications of chamomile Jordanian oil……………………………………………………………………..……… 21

1.4. Uses of chamomile Jordan. Pharmacology and toxycology............................ 25

Chapter 2. Methods of extraction of essential oils from plants and some methods of analysis of the received extracts

2.1. Isolation of the essential oils from plants……………………………………... 43
2.1.1 Production of essential oils by steam distillation (steam distillation) 46
2.1.2 Production of essential oils extraction with volatile solvents…… 72
2.2. Some methods of chemical analysis of extracts……………………………… 80

Chapter 3. Organization and methods of study 84
Chapter 4. The results of implemented research work

4.1. Research irritant……………………………..………………..……………….. 91
4.2. Irritant effect on skin ……………………………..……..……..…..……..….. 92
4.3. Irritability when administered intradermally……..……..……..……..…..……. 97
Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 108
The list of literature..................................................................................................... 111








Introduction
The medicinal plant of chamomile and the species related to it are of manifold interest as both the drug Matricariae flos [115] and the native plants. Cultivated and wild plants offer a number of subjects that belong to the range of basic and applied research; on the other hand, they are of great economic interest as well.
Chamomile flowers belong to those drugs that experienced a wide medical application in ancient times [80]. The curative effect of chamomile has been known by physicians for about 2500 years.
Hippocrates gives a description of the drug in the 5th century B.C., and chamomile appears as a medicinal plant in the work De Materia Medica written by Dioscorides (1st century A.D.). Galen and Asclepios describe the application of a chamomile infusion at some length. In Palladius’ writings dating back to the 4th or 5th century, notes about chamomile are to be found as well.
Medical applications continued in the Middle Ages. Bock, for example, gives the following report about chamomile in his Kreutterbuch of 1539 (described as “gantz gemein Chamill”: “quite ordinary/common chamomile”): “Es ist bei allen menschen kein breuchlicher kraut in der artznei als eben Chamillenblumen/dann sie werden beinahe zu allen presten gebraucht.” (In Old High German, “There is no herb in medicine for people being more usual than chamomile flowers because they are used against nearly all kinds of ailments.”).
It is a member of the Asteraceae ( Compositae ) family and represented basically by two common types : German chamomile ( Matricaria recutita ) and Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum Nobile) [124] . In Jordan, Chamomile is one of the most widely used and well - documented medicinal plants [1,9]. Many different preparations of chamomile have been developed nowadays, the most popular of which is an herbal tea which is consumed over a million cups a day[104].
Also, a camomile used in many commercial products such as soaps , detergents, perfumes, lotions, ointments and hair shampoo[97,144] . Dry powder of chamomile flower is also recommended and used by many people to the traditionally tratment of the health problems.
Medicinal ingredients, typically extracted from camomile dried flowers using water , ethanol or methanol as a solvent and the extract are known as water, ethanol (alcohol) and the methanol extract, respectively. Vegetable essential (volatile ) oils of chamomile without doubt one of the best- studied and used [153].
Mounts based on chamomile is widely used for the treatment of various diseases such as hay fever, inflammation, muscle spasms, menstrual disorders, insomnia, ulcers, wounds, gastrointestinal disorders, rheumatic pain, hemorrhoids . It is also known for use as a bath additive, suitable for soothing action [122]. Tea infusion is used as a gargle for inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat. [101] Inhalation of vapors of essential oils derived from chamomile flowers is recommended to reduce anxiety and major depression. Chamomile oil is a popular ingredient in aromatherapy and hair care products [84]. Jourdan chamomile is widely used in cosmetics as that which has a calming and soothing effect on the skin [87].
In recent years, demand for cosmetics containing plant extract has increased dramatically due to their pleasant aroma and understanding of the fact that these products are safer than synthetic products[98].
Essential Oils is a volatile liquid mixture of organic substances produced by plants and is responsible for their pleasant smell. This is a concentrate of flavors in a liquid form. Isolation of aromatics plantsis a physiological response, considered as a general phenomenon characteristic of all living organisms - bacteria, plants, insects and animals. In highlighting the complex plant communities the volatile of essential oil is 80-90% with a predominance of a high content of monoterpene hydrocarbons. This component composition of evaporated essential oil in the atmosphere differs from the endogenous contained in the plant. The probable reason for this is that the individual components of the plant are bound.
The value of essential oils (EO) for the plant is enormous: they are used to protect plants against attack of fungi, viruses, bacteria, pests from eating animals to attract insect pollinators, protection against overheating and overcooling during the day at night, increasing enzymatic processes
In most cases, essential oils are colorless or yellowish transparent liquid, but there are also colored pigments dissolved in them (chamomile oil - blue, jasmine - reddish, bitter wormwood - greenish, basil - yellow). EOs are characterized by considerable volatility. They are practically insoluble in water but soluble in fats, vegetable oils, ether, alcohol, a high concentration are mixed in all proportions with fats and fatty oils. [5]
By its properties, chemical nature and essential oils differ sharply from fatty oils that evaporate at normal temperature and do not leave stains on fabrics or paper.
In a warm and dry climate plant accumulates more essential oils than in the cold and wet. More oil is produced during flowering and ripening seeds than in other periods, they accumulate in the flowers (chamomile, jasmine), in the fruits (celery, vanilla, lemon, orange) in the leaves (violet) in the rhizomes (iris), the trunks trees (sandalwood) in tree bark (cinnamon), virtually all organs - leaves, stems, fruits, flowers (peppermint, lavender, pine, geranium).
The content of essential oils in the fresh green plants does not exceed 1% in the seeds - reach up to 10%. Number of essential oils from plants hardly varies defined traces to 2 - 3%, at least above. Even in the same plant in different organs essential oils are different in composition. On the accumulation of oils and their qualitative impact vegetation phase, insolation, humidity, climate, soil, watches collection of raw materials and other cells of some aromatic plants, such as geranium and iris grown in tissue culture, retain the ability to synthesize essential oil.
These different ways of essential oils and volatile functions are not exactly the same combination of substances which are released by plants. This is due to the fact that under the influence of, for example, hot steam, some components of the volatile components may vary volatilize. Furthermore, the starting material for obtaining the essential oil may be not only a freshly cut, but in certain cases and dried.
The objective of the study: To assess dermal toxicity of the volatile oils of chamomile Jordan.
The subject of the study - evaluation of skin toxicity
The object of study - the volatile composition of essential oils of chamomile Jordan.
Tasks:
1) Give a general description of chamomile Jordan;
2) Consider the methods of extraction of essential oils from plants;
3) Organize and descript methods of research
4) Summarize the results of research
Список литературы Conclusion

For more than 2000 years, preparations of chamomile flowers count among the medicinal treasures of various cultural groups. Since ancient times, the chamomile has survived the storms of time as well as different trends in the art of healing throughout the world.
Chamomile has been known for centuries and is well established in therapy. In traditional folk medicine it is found in the form of chamomile tea, which is drunk internally in cases of painful gastric and intestinal complaints connected with convulsions such as diarrhea and flatulence, but also with inflammatory gastric and intestinal diseases such as gastritis and enteritis.
Externally chamomile is applied in the form of hot compresses to badly healing wounds, such as for a hip bath with abscesses, furuncles, hemorrhoids, and female diseases; as a rinse of the mouth with inflammations of the oral cavity and the cavity of the pharynx; as chamomile steam inhalation for the treatment of acne vulgaris and for the inhalation with nasal catarrhs and bronchitis; and as an additive to baby baths. In Roman countries it is quite common to use chamomile tea even in restaurants or bars and finally even in the form of a concentrated espresso. This is also a good way of fighting against an upset stomach due to a sumptuous meal, plenty of alcohol, or nicotine. In this case it is not easy to draw a line and find out where the limit to luxury is.
The suitability of the empirical application of chamomile flower has been confirmed by intense research work over the last years. As a matter of fact, however, experience has shown that a usual chamomile tea domestically produced with boiling hot water only contains a small portion (1–3%) of the essential oil to be found in the drug. The important constituents of the essential oil
with an antiphlogistic effect are not water soluble and remain in the chamomile flowers.
Chamomile preparations are mainly used because of their antiphlogistic, spasmolytic, and carminative activity. However, their bacteriostatic and fungistatic properties should not be underestimated.
Application fields include dermatology, stomatology, otolaryngology, internal medicine, in particular gastroenterology, pulmology, pediatry, and radiotherapy. The therapeutic effectiveness is in total due to the combined pharmacological and biochemical effects of several chamomile constituents. For therapeutic success, it is important to use standardized total extracts or the essential oil. The full spectrum of activity will not be reached by applying individual
chamomile substances only.
From the above presented overview, it is very obvious the lack of knowledge about the safety, particularly dermal toxicity, of chamomile extracts derived from Matricaria aurea, the species that is widely distributed in Jordan lands and extensively used, internally and externally, by the Jordanian people and as ingredients of local cosmetic manufacturing. For these reasons and to resolve this knowledge gap, the present study aims at evaluating the potential dermal toxic characteristics of the various extracts (aqueous and alcoholic) as well as the essential oil obtained from Jordanian chamomile (M. Aurea).
There are many methods of production of essential oils: it can be simple pressing or mechanical manipulations, different kinds of distillation and chemical extraction. Collected extract can ce studied in different ways, but commonly used nowadays a method of chromatography, etc. gas chromatography.
The water and alcoholic extracts were tested. The extract will be applied to a small area of skin and covered with a gauze patch.


Acute toxicity According RIFM, - oral LD50> 5 g / kg (mice), derm LD50> 5 g / kg (rabbit). In the form of a 4% solution in 48 hours did not cause irritation to human skin and sensitization reaction. Phototoxic effect is absent. Studies have shown that chamomile essential oil does not cause degranulation of mast cells and apparently causes no immediate type allergic reaction.
Chamomile essential oil has low toxicity. Single oral administration of the test drug in a dose of 5 ml / kg no toxic effect on the organism of animals. LD50 of 10 g / kg.
Chamomile essential oil has no pathological effects on animal organs (liver, kidneys, heart, lungs), and the skin at 14 - day outdoor applications on laboratory animals.
Chamomile essential oil has no skin- resorptive and local irritant action.







List of the literature
1. T. Aburjai, M. Hudaib, R. Tayyema, Mohammed Yousef, M. Qishawi (2007). Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal herbs in Jordan, the Ajloun Heights region. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 110 294–304.
2. R.P. Adams (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry. 4th ed. Allured Publ. Corp., Carol Stream, IL.
3. K. Al-Ismail and T. Aburjai,( 2004), Antioxidant activity of water and alcohol extracts of chamomile flowers, anise seeds and dill seeds, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 84:173–178.
4. Achterrath-Tuckermann, U., Kunde, R., Flaskamp, E., Isaac, O., Thiemer, K. (1980) Planta Med. 39,38–50.
5. Angeliki, P. Effect of Guaiazulene on Some Cytochrome P450 Activities. Implication in the Metabolic activation and hepatotoxicity of paracetamol / P. Angeliki et al. // Archiv der Pharmazie 2006. - Vol. 330. - N. 1-2, P. 7 - 11.
6. Appelt, G. D. (1985) J. Ethnopharmacol. 13, 51–55.
7. Appendino, G., Calleri, M., Chiari, G., Viterbo, D. (1985) J. Chem. Soc. Perkin. Trans. II, 203–207
8. Babu K. G. D., Singh B., Joshi V. P., Singh V. Essential oil composition of Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) distilled under different pressures and temperatures. // Flavour and Fragrance Journal. - 2002. - Vol. 17. - Pp. 136-140.
9. E. Barakat, F. Afifib (2003). “Herbal medicine in Jordan with special emphasis on commonly used herb”. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 89 (2003) 193–197.
10. Baylac S, Racine P. (2003) Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase by essential oils and other natural fragrant extracts. Int J Aromather. 13(2/3):38-142.
11. Barrero, A. F., Sánchez, J. F., Zafra, M. J., Barrón, A., San Feliciano, A. (1987) Phytochemistry, 26,1531–1533,
12. Barton, H. (1959) Acta Biol. Med. Gem. 2, 555.
13. (Bassols, F. The Occurrence of 3-Phenylpropyl Isobutyrate in Roman Camomile Oil / F. Bassols, A.F. Thomas // Fragrance Oils and Extracts. Journal of Essential Oil Research ed. by Brian M. Lawrence 2006 P. 69-72. )
14. Beetz, D., Kramer, H. J., Mehlhorn, H. Ch. (1971) Dermatol. Monatsschr. 157, 505.
15. Becker, H. Reichling, J. (1981) Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg., 121, 1285
16. Becker, H., Reichling, J., Wei-Chung, H. (1982) J. Chromatogr. 237, 307
17. Benner, M. H., Lee, H. J. (1973) Allergy Clin. Immunol. 52, 307.
18. Bernot C., M. Doherty, M. and M. F. Malone, Patterns of composition change in multicomponent batch distillation, Chem. Eng. Sci., 45, 1207, (1990)
19. P. Botham, D. Basketter, T. Maurer, D. Mueller M. Potokar and W. J. Bontinck (1991), skin sensitization--a critical review of predictive test methods in animals and man, food and chemistry, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 275-286..
20. Brehm-Stecher BF, Johnson EA2003. Sensitization of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to antibiotics by the sesquiterpenoids nerolidol, farnesol, bisabolol, and apritone. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.47:3357–3360
21. Breinlich, J., Scharnagel, K. (1968) Arzneim.-Forsch. 18, 429.
22. British Herbal Compendium: A Handbook of Scientific Information on Widely Used Plant Drugs // edited by P. R. Bradley Bournemouth (UK): British Herbal Medicine Association — 2006. Vol. 2. - 424 p.
23. Brock, N., Kottmeier, J., Lorenz, D., Veigel, H. (1954) Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 223, 450, Oettel, H., Wilhelm-Kollmannsperger, G. (1955) Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 226, 473
24. Calderón, J. S., Quijano, L., Gómez, F., Ríos T. (1989) Phytochemistry, 28, 3526–3527., Cox, P. J., Sim, G. A., Herz, W. (1975) J. Chem. Soc. Perkin. Trans. II, 459–463.
25. Carle, R., Fleischhauer, I., Fehr, D. (1987) Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg. 127, 2451–2457.
26. Cekan, Z., Herout, V.,Sorm, F. (1954) Chem. Listy, 48, 1071
27. Cekan, Z., Herout, V., Sorm, F. (1954) Collect Czechoslov. Chem. Commun., 19, 798.
28. Cekan, Z., Herout, V., Sorm, F. (1957) Collect Czechoslov. Chem. Commun., 22, 1921.
29. Cinco, M., Baufi, E., Tubaro, A., Della Loggia, R. (1983) Int. J. Crude Drug Res. 21, 145.
30. Clevenger J. F. Apparatus for the determination of volatile oil. //Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association.1928.Vol. 17.P. 340.
31. Della Loggia, R., Traversa, U., Scarcia, V., Tubaro, A. (1982) Pharmacol. Research Comm. of theItalian Pharmacol. Society 14, 153.
32. Demling, L. (1975) in Demling, L., Nasemann, T. (Eds.) Erfahrungstherapie — späte Rechtfertigung, Int. Symposium Vienna, May 30–31, 1975,
33. Draize 1959. The Appraisal of Chemicals in Foods, Drugs and Cosmetics. Association of Food and Drug Officials of the United States, Austin, TX, pp. 36–45.
34. Elkiey, M. A., Darwish, M., Mustafa, M. A. (1963) Fac. Pharm. Cairo Univ., 2, 107, ref. in Becker, H., Reichling, J. (1981) Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg., 121, 1285.
35. Emmrich, R., Schade, U. (1964) Z. inn. Med., Leipzig, 19, 429
36. Ewell, R. H. and L. M. Welch, Rectification in Ternary Systems Containing Binary Azeotropes, Industrial Engineering Chemistry, 37, 1224,(1945)
37. European Pharmacopoeia 4.6 (edition 2004) Deutscher Apotheker Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany
38. Exner, J., Reichling, J., Cole, T. H., Becker, H. (1981) Planta Med., 41, 198.
39. Flaskamp, E., Zimmermann, G., Nonnenmacher, G., Isaac, O. (1982) Z. Naturforsch. 37 b, 508.
40. Flaskamp, E., Nonnenmacher, G., Isaac, O. (1981) Z. Naturforsch. 36 b, 114, Corrigendum 36 b, 526.
41. W. Gfeller, W. Kobel and G. Seifert,( 1985), Overview of animal test methods for skin irritation, Food Chemistry, Vol. 23, No. 2. pp. 165-168.
42. Giertz, H., Hahn, F. (1959) Arzneim.-Forsch. 9, 553–555.
43. Goeters, S., Imming, P., Pawlitzki, G., Hempel, B. (2001) Planta Med., 67, 292–294,
44. Goeters, S. (2001) Dissertation, Marburg/Lahn, Germany.
45. (Hahn B, Hölzl J., 1987)
46. Hänsel, R., Rimpler, H., Walther, K. (1966) Naturwissenschaften, 53, 19.
47. Hava M., Janku J. (1957) Rev. Czech. Med. 3, 130.
48. Hava, M., Janku, J. (1958) Cs. Fysiol. 7, 464. Hörhammer, L., Wagner, H. (1962) Dtsch. Apoth. 14,
49. Hausen, B. M. (1985) Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg. 125 Suppl. I, Nr. 43/24.
50. Herout, V., Zaoral, M., S ˘ orm, F. (1953) Collect Czechoslov. Chem. Commun., 18, 122.,
51. Heubner, W., Grabe, E, (1933) Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 171, 329.
52. Hiltunen, R., Vuorela, H., Laakso, I. (1985) in Baerheim-Svendsen, A., Scheffer, J.J.C. (Eds.), EssentialOils and Aromatic Plants, Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands,23–41.
53. Hiltunen, R., Vuorela, H., Laakso, I., von Schantz, M. (1984) Farm. Tijdschr. Belg. 61, (3) 354.
54. Horákova, Z. (1952) Cs. Fisiolog. 1, 148.
55. I. Horan, M. Clotworthy, N. Charles, T. Tomkins, (2003), The development of an in vitro screening strategy for topically applied products. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 89 (2003) 81–90.
56. Hörhammer, L. (1961) Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg. 101, 1178., Hörhammer, L., Wagner, H., Salfner, B. (1963) Arzneim.-Forsch. 13, 33. Salfner, B. (1963) Dissertation, Univ. Munich, Germany.
57. Hörhammer, L., Wagner, H. (1962) Dtsch. Apoth. 14, 1.
58. Imming, P., Goeters, S., Pawlitzki, G., Hempel, B. (2001) Chirality, 13, 337–341
59. Isaac, O. (1979) Planta Med. 35, 118.
60. Isaac, O., Schimpke, H. (1965) Mitt. Dtsch. Pharmazeut. Ges., 35, 133., Schilcher, H. (1973) Neuere Erkenntnisse bei der Qualitätsbeurteilung von Kamillenblüten bzw. Kamillenöl — Einteilung der Handelskamille in vier chemische Typen. Planta Medica, 23, 132.
61. Isaac, O., Schneider, H., Eggenschwiller, H. (1968) Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg., 108, 293–298.
62. Jablonski, S., Rudzki, E. (1996) HG-Ztschr.-für Hauterkr. 71, 542.
63. Jakovlev, V., Isaac, O., Flaskamp, E. (1983) Planta Med. 49,
64. Ammon, H. P. T., Sabieraj, J., Kaul, R. (1996) Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg. 136, 1821.
65. Janku, J. (1981) Paper at 2nd Physiolog. Conf. Königgrätz, ref. in Becker, H., Reichling, J. (1981)Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg. 121, 1285.
66. Juell, S. M. K., Hansen, R., Jork, H. (1976) Arch. Pharm., 309, 458
67. Kaniwa M.A., Momma J., Ikarashi Y. et al. A method for identifying causative chemicals of allergic contact dermatitis using a combination of chemical analysis and patch testing in patients and animal groups: application to a case of rubber boot dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis, 27, pp. 166 - 173, 1992
68. Kergomard, A., Verschambre, H. (1977) Tetrahedron, 33, 2215
69. Kister, Henry Z. (1992). Distillation Design (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-034909-6.
70. Kligman, A. M. (1973) Report to RIFM 31.1.1973, ref. in Habersang, S., Leuschner, F., Isaac, O.,Thiemer, K. (1979) Planta Med. 37, 115–123.
71. Knöll, W., Tamm, Ch. (1975) Helv. Chim. Acta, 58, 1162
72. K. A. Kohrman, K. A. Booman, J. Dorsky, A. S. Rothenstein, R. I. Sedlak, R. J. Steltenkamp and G. R. Thompson , (1983) Benzyl salicylate: a survey of consumer patch-test sensitization , Food Chemistry. 21(6), 741-744.
73. O. Kyokong (2002). Efficacy of chamomile-extract spray for prevention of post-operative sore throat. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, Suppl 1: S180-5
74. Landsteiner K. and CM.W. Studies on the sensitization of animals with simple chemical compounds. J. Exp. Med., 69, p. 767, 1939
75. Lang P. and Modla G., Generalised method for the determination of heterogeneous batch distillation regions, Chem. Eng. Sci., 61, 4262-4270, (2006)
76. Lang P., G. Modla, B. Benadda and Z. Lelkes, Homoazeotropic Distillation of Maximum Azeotropes in a Batch Rectifier with Continuous Entrainer Feeding: I. Feasibility Studie, Comp. Chem. Eng., 24, 1465, (2000)
77. Lang, W., Schwandt, K. (1957) Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg., 97, 149.
78. Laurence M. Harwood, Christopher J. Moody. Experimental organic chemistry: Principles and Practice (Illustrated ed.). pp. 145–147.ISBN 978-0-632-02017-1.
79. Lelkes Z., P. Lang, P. Moszkowicz, B. Benadda and M. Otterbein, Batch extractive distillation: the process and the operational policies, Chem. Eng. Sci., 53,1331 (1998)
80. Lemberovics, E. (1979) Sci. Pharm., 47, 330.
81. Likens, S. and Nickerson, G. (1964) Detection of the certain hop oil constituents in brewing products. Proc. Am. Brew. Chem. 5-9.
82. Mares, D., Romagnoli, C., Bruni, A. (1993) Plantes Médicinales et Phytothérapie 26, 91.
83. E. Mazokopakis (2005). Wild chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) mouthwashes in methotrexate-induced oral mucositis, Phytomedicine: international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 12 (1-2): 25-7.
84. D, McKay and B. Blumberg (2006). A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita L, Phytotherapy research, 20 (7): 519-30.
85. Meisels, A., Weizmann, A. (1953) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75, 3865–3866.
86. Minyard, J. P., Thomson, A. C., Hedin, P. A. (1968) J. Org. Chem., 33, 909–911.
87. V. Mittal, P. Bansal (2010). Pharmacological potential of Matricaria recutita – A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug research, 2, 12–16.
88. Modla G., P. Lang, B. Kotai and K. Molnar, Batch Heteroazeotropic Rectification of a Low Relative Volatility Mixture under Continuous Entrainer Feeding, AIChE Journal, 49 (10), 2533, (2003)
89. Motl, O., Repcak, M. (1979) Planta Med., 36, 272.
90. Motl, L., Repcak, M., Sedmera, P. (1978) Arch. Pharm., 311, 75
91. Mukherjee, D., Dunn, L. C., Houk, K. N. (1979) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 101, 251–252.
92. Naves, Y. R. (1946) Perfume Record 37, 120 Schilcher, H. (1973) Planta Med., 23, 132., Naves, Y. R. (1949) Perfume Record 40, 72 Schilcher, H. (1973) Planta Med., 23, 132.
93. Ness, A., Metzger, J. W., Schmidt, P. C. (1996) Pharm. Acta Helvet., 71, 265–271.
94. Ness, A., Schmidt, P.C. (1995) Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg., 135, 3598–3610.,
95. T. (1958) Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 54, 362; ref. in Chem. Abstr. 53, 10525 (1959)., Zierz, P., Kiessling, W. (1953) Dtsch. Med. Wschr. 78, 1166.
96. Nuñez et al , 2007
97. E. Paulsen (2008). "Cosmetics and herbal remedies with Compositae plant extracts - are they tolerated by Compositae-allergic patients?", Contact Dermatitis 58(1): 15-23.
98. E. Paulsen (2010) The coumarin herniarin as a sensitizer in German chamomile [Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert, Compositae] ,Contact Dermatitis: 62: 338–342.).
99. Pham, H. N. and M. F. Doherty, Design and synthesis of heterogeneous azeotropic distillations II. Residue curve maps, Chem. Eng. Sci., 45, 1987-1843, (1990)
100. Pirzad, A. Essential Oil Content and Composition of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) at Different Irrigation Regimes A. Pirzad et al. // Journal of Agronomy 2006. - Vol. 5. - N. 3. - P.451-455.
101. Poethke, W., Bulin, P. (1969) Pharm. Zentralh., 108, 733.
102. Pommer, Ch. (1942) Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 199, 74
103. Power, F., Browning, H. Jr. (1914) J. Chem. Soc., London, 105, 2280, Becker, H., Reichling, J.(1981) Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg., 121, 1285.
104. A. Raal, A. Orav, T. Pussa, C. Valner , B. Malmiste, E. Arak (2012). “Content of essential oil, terpenoids and polyphenols in commercial chamomile (Chamomilla recutita L. Rauschert) teas from different countries” ,Food Chemistry, 131 632–638.
105. Redaelli, C., Formentini, L., Santaniello, E. (1979) Herba Hung., 18, 323.
106. Roeckerath, W. (1950) Strahlentherapie 82, 253., Zierz, P., Kiessling, W. (1953) Dtsch. Med. Wschr. 78, 1166.
107. Rodriguez-Donis I, V. Gerbaud and X. Joulia, Feasibility of Heterogeneous Batch Distillation Processes, AIChE Journal, 48 (6), 1168, (2002)
108. Schäfer, J. (1965) Wiss. Z. Karl Marx-Univ., Leipzig, 14, 435.
109. Shikov, A. N., Pozharitskaya, O. N., Makarov, V. G. et al. (1999) Method of allocation of biologicallyactive substances from plant material. Patent Ru 214 1336 from Nov. 2, 1999.
110. Schilcher, H. (1987) Die Kamille — Handbuch für Arzte, Apotheker und andere Naturwissenschaftler.Wissenschaftl Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, Germany.
111. Schilcher, H. (1964) Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg. 104, 1019
112. Schilcher, H. (1973) Planta Med., 23, 132.
113. Schilcher, H. (1985) Zur Biologie von Matricaria chamomilla, syn. “Chamomilla recutita (L.) Raus-chert,” Research report 1968-1981, Inst. Pharmakognosie and Phytochemie of the FU Berlin
114. Schilcher, H., Novotny, L., Ubik, K., Motl, O., Herout, V. (1976) Arch. Pharm., 309, 189
115. Schmidt, P. C., Ness, A. (1993) Pharmazie, 48, 146–147
116. Schmidt, P. C., Soyke, B. (1992) Sci. Pharm., 60, 111–123.
117. Schmidt, P. C., Soyke, B. (1991) Pharm. Unserer Zeit, 20, 133–134.,
118. Schmidt, P. C., Weibler, K., Soyke, B. (1991) Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg., 131 (5) 175–181.
119. C. Shayne, Gad, (1994), Review article the mouse ear swelling test (MEST) in the 1990s*, Toxicology 93 33-46
120. Šorm, F., Zaoral, M., Herout, V. (1951) Collect Czechoslov. Chem. Commun., 16, 626–638.
121. Stahl, E. (1954) Chem. Ber., 87, 202, 205, 1626.
122. Szalontai, M., Verzár-Petri, G., Florián, E., Gimpel, F. (1975) Pharmaz. Ztg. 120, 982.
123. Stern, P., Millin, R. (1956) Arzneim.-Forsch. 6, 445
124. O. Singh, Z. Khanam, (2011). Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): An overview. Pharmacognosy reviews, 5 (9): 82-95
125. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_distillation - cite_ref-7Skouras S., V. Kiva and S. Skogestad, Feasible separations and entrainer selection rules for heteroazeotropic batch distillation, Chemical Engineering Science, 60, 2895, (2005)
126. Skouras S., S. Skogestad and V. Kiva, Analysis and Control of Heteroazeotropic Batch Distillation, AIChE Journal, 51 (4), 1144-1157, (2005)
127. Stahl, E. (1954) Naturwiss., 41, 257.
128. Stahl, E. (1977) Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg. 117, 1612.
129. Storm, F., Nowak, J., Herout, V. (1953) Chem. Listy, 47, 1097
130. Stuppner, H., Huber, M., Bauer, R. (1971) Sci. Pharm. 59, 71
131. Stransky, K., Streibel, M., Ubik, K., Kohoutova, J., Novotny, L. (1981) Fette, Seifen, Anstrichmittel,83, 347.
132. Sukhdev Swami Handa, Suman Preet Singh Khanuja, Gennaro Longo, Dev Dutt Rakesh.2008. Extraction technologies for medicinal and aromatic plants, International centre for science and high technology.
133. Szelenyi, J., Isaac, O., Thiemer, K. (1979) Planta Med. 35, 218.
134. Reichling, J., Becker, H. (1977) Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg. 117, 275
135. Reichling, J., Beiderbeck, R., Becker, H. (1979) Planta Med., 36, 322.

136. Reinhold Carle, Otto Isaac Asta Medica Aktiengesellschaft Patent: Camomile oils having a high natural polyynes content and process for their production

137. Re, T. A., et al. (2009). "Application of the threshold of toxicological concern approach for the safety evaluation of calendula flower (Calendula officinalis) petals and extracts used in cosmetic and personal care products." Food Chemical Toxicology, 47(6): 1246-1254.
138. Robert, A., Lancaster, C., Hauchar, A. J., Nezamis, J. E. (1978) Gastroenterology 74, 1086.
139. Rodriguez-Donis Y., J. A. Equijarosa, V. Gerbaud and X. Joulia, Heterogeneous Batch-extractive Distillation of Minimum Boiling Azeotropic Mixtures, AIChE Journal, 49 (12), 3074, (2003)
140. Ruzicka, L., Capato, E. (1925) Helv. Chim. Acta, 8, 259.,
141. Ruzicka, L., Liguori, M. (1932) Helv. Chim. Acta, 15, 3.
142. G. Tardiff, R. Hubner. (2003), Harmonization of thresholds for primary skin irritation from results of human repeated insult patch tests and laboratory animal skin irritation tests, Journal of Applied Toxicology, 23: 279–281. doi: 10.1002/jat.917.
143. Tyihak, J., Sarkany-Kiss, J., Mathe, J. (1963) Pharmaz. Zentralh. 102, 128.
144. R. Queiroz, R. Cunha (2009). Development of Gel With Matricaria recutita L. Extract for Topic Application and Evaluation of Physical-Chemical Stability and Toxic, Latin American Journal of Pharmacy, 28 (4): 574-9.
145. Uda, T. (1960) Nippon Yak. Zasshi 56, 1151; ref. in Chem. Abstr. 50, 4058 (1962).
146. Urbach, F., Forbes, P. D. (1973) Report to RIFM 18.3.73, ref. in Habersang, S., Leuschner, F., Isaac,O., Thiemer, K. (1979) Planta Med. 37, 115.
147. H. Van Den Dool and P.D. Kartz (1963). A generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas–liquid partition chromatography. Journal of Chromatography 11: 463–471.
148. Van Lier, F. P., Hesp, T. G. M., Van der Linde, L. M., Van der Weerdt, A. J. A. (1985) Tetrahedron Lett., 26, 2109–2110
149. Verzár-Petri, G., Szegi, J., Marczal, G. (17979) Acta Pharm. Hungarica 49, 13.
150. www.fao.org
151. Wagner, H., Bladt, S. (1986) Plant Drug Analysis, A thin Layer Chromatography Atlas, 2nd Ed.,Springer, Heidelberg, 186, 212.
152. WEIL S.C. and SCALA R.A. Study of intra- and interlaboratory variability in the results of rabbit eye and skin irritation tests. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 12, pp. 276 - 360, 1971
153. S. Wilkinson, J. Aldridge, I. Salmon (1999). An evaluation of aromatherapy massage in palliative care. Palliative Medicine, 13:409-417
154. Wolfmann, C., Viola, H., Wasowski, C., Levi de Stein, M., Silveira, R., Dajas, F., Medina, J. H., Paladini, A. C. (1995) Journ. Neurochem. 65, 167.
155. Yamasaki, H., Irino, S., Uda, A., Uchida, K., Onho, H., Saito, N., Kondo, K., Jinzenji, K., Yamamoto
156. Kryshen et al, 2009; Guseva et al., 2009
Цена, в рублях:

(при оплате в другой валюте, пересчет по курсу центрального банка на день оплаты)		 5000





Найти готовую работу


ЗАКАЗАТЬ

Обратная связь:


Связаться

Доставка любой диссертации из России и Украины

Вход для партнеров

Регистрация

Восстановить доступ

Материал для курсовых и дипломных работ


Ссылки:

Выполнение и продажа диссертаций, бесплатный каталог статей и авторефератов

Счетчики:

Besucherzahler
счетчик посещений

© 2006-2024. Все права защищены.
Выполнение уникальных качественных работ - от эссе и реферата до диссертации. Заказ готовых, сдававшихся ранее работ.